<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title>Khoa học &amp; Công nghệ</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2615-9015</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2615-9015</issn>
			<publisher><publisher-name>Trường Đại học Nguyễn Tất Thành</publisher-name></publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1a6648fa-078d-850a-97b4-01a18af5b230</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55401/1jybvb97</article-id>
			<title-group><article-title>EFL Learners&apos; Perceptions of Using Grok AI for PlanningArgumentative Essays</article-title></title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name>Nguyen Hoang Kham</string-name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name>To Vu Le Ngan</string-name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name>Le Tran Minh Anh</string-name></contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date>
			<volume>9</volume>
			<issue>10</issue>
			<fpage>1</fpage>
			<lpage>10</lpage>
			<self-uri content-type="html" xlink:href="https://jst.ntt.edu.vn/articles/1a6648fa-078d-850a-97b4-01a18af5b230" />
			<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://uploadservice.ntt.edu.vn/dbOBrwZN1R_1/file/article_1111_261030-rOryrTzdDGaC.pdf" />
			<abstract><p>This study examined how B1-level EFL learners perceived the use of Grok AI as a cognitive tool for planning argumentative essays. By adopting a cross-sectional, post intervention survey design, the study involved 128 participants who utilized structured prompts – integrating Toulmin’s model and the Involvement Load Hypothesis (ILH) – to generate and evaluate AI content under teacher guidance. Learners’ perceptions of usefulness, ease of use, and ILH elements were assessed via a 19-item Likert-scale questionnaire. The analysis revealed the learners’ highly positive perceptions across all dimensions; data planning was rated highest (Mean = 4.14), followed by claim (Mean = 4.11) and warrant planning (Mean = 4.08). This study provides preliminary insights into the application of Toulmin’s argumentative model to using Grok AI, focusing on learner perceptions during pre-writing planning. Initial pedagogical considerations for integrating AI into EFL writing instruction are discussed based on these findings.</p></abstract>
			<kwd-group><kwd>EFL</kwd><kwd>argumentation</kwd><kwd>Involvement Load Hypothesis</kwd><kwd>Grok AI</kwd></kwd-group>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
</article>